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Some people abstain from consuming various foods and beverages for a variety of religious, cultural, legal or other societal prohibitions. Many of these prohibitions constitute taboos. Many food taboos and other prohibitions forbid the meat of a particular animal, including mammals, rodents, reptiles, amphibians, fish, molluscs, crustaceans and insects, which may relate to a disgust response being more often associated with meats than plant-based foods.〔Paul Rozin, "Social and Moral Aspects of Food and Eating", In: Rock I (ed.), ''The Legacy of Solomon Asch: Essays in Cognition and Social Psychology'', New York: Psyhcology Press. Chapter 6.〕 Some prohibitions are specific to a particular part or excretion of an animal, while others forgo the consumption of plants or fungi. Food prohibitions can be defined as rules, codified by religion or otherwise, about which foods, or combinations of foods, may not be eaten and how animals are to be slaughtered or prepared. The origins of these prohibitions are varied. In some cases, they are thought to be a result of health considerations or other practical reasons;〔Harris, Marvin, Good to Eat, ISBN 0-04-306002-1〕 in others, they relate to human symbolic systems.〔Douglas, Mary, Purity and Danger, ISBN 0-415-28995-5〕 Some foods may be prohibited during certain religious periods (''e.g.'', Lent), at certain stages of life (''e.g.'', pregnancy), or to certain classes of people (''e.g.'', priests), even though the food is otherwise permitted. ==Causes== Various religions forbid the consumption of certain types of food. For example, Judaism prescribes a strict set of rules, called ''Kashrut'', regarding what may and may not be eaten, and notably forbidding the mixing of meat with dairy products. Islam has similar laws, dividing foods into ''haraam'' (forbidden) and ''halal'' (permitted). Jains often follow religious directives to observe vegetarianism. Hindus do not eat beef, and some Hindus apply the concept of ''ahimsa'' (non-violence) to their diet and consider vegetarianism as ideal, and practice forms of vegetarianism.〔Institutions and ideologies: a SOAS South Asia reader - 1993〕 In some cases, the process of preparation rather than the food itself comes under scrutiny. For instance, in early medieval Christianity, certain uncooked foods were of dubious status: a penitential ascribed to Bede outlined a (mild) penance for those who ate uncooked foods, and Saint Boniface wrote to Pope Zachary (in a letter preserved in the Boniface correspondence, no. 87) asking him how long bacon would have to be cured to be proper for consumption. Aside from formal rules, there are cultural taboos against the consumption of some animals. Within a given society, some meats will be considered to be not for consumption that are outside the range of the generally accepted definition of a foodstuff. Novel meats, ''i.e.'' animal-derived food products not familiar to an individual or to a culture, generally provoke a disgust reaction, which may be expressed as a cultural taboo.〔Potts HWW (1999), "Human food rejections." PhD thesis, University of London〕 For example, although dog meat is eaten, in certain circumstances, in Korea, Vietnam, and China, it is considered inappropriate as a food in Western countries. Likewise, horse meat is rarely eaten in the Anglosphere, although it is part of the national cuisine of countries as widespread as Kazakhstan, Japan, Italy, and France. Sometimes food prohibitions enter national or local law, as with the ban on cattle abattoirs in most of India, and horse slaughter in the United States. Even after reversion to Chinese rule, Hong Kong has not lifted its ban on supplying meat from dogs and cats, imposed during British colonial rule. Environmentalism, ethical consumerism and other activist movements are giving rise to new prohibitions and eating guidelines. A fairly recent addition to cultural food prohibitions is the meat and eggs of endangered species or animals that are otherwise protected by law or international treaty. Examples of such protected species include some species of whales, sea turtles, and migratory birds. Similarly, sustainable seafood advisory lists and certification discourage the consumption of certain seafoods due to unsustainable fishing. Organic certification prohibits certain synthetic chemical inputs during food production, or genetically modified organisms, irradiation, and the use of sewage sludge. The Fair Trade movement and certification discourage the consumption of food and other goods produced in exploitative working conditions. Other social movements generating taboos include Local Food and ''The 100-Mile Diet'', both of which encourage abstinence from non-locally produced food, and veganism, in which adherents endeavour not to use or consume animal products of any kind. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Food and drink prohibitions」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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